Results of an experimental study of an advanced jet-pump refrigerator operating with R245fa

An experimental jet-pump refrigeration system was designed and constructed to assess the performance of R245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane) as a suitable refrigerant. The paper describes and evaluates the results of experimental tests over a range of operating conditions. In addition, the effects of primary nozzle geometry on jet-pump performance are reported. Performance maps, useful for practical design and control are also provided. Experimental values of coefficient of performance (COP) between 0.25 and 0.7 were obtained. These results demonstrate that low-grade heat can be used to drive efficient jet-pump refrigeration systems, using R245fa as their working fluid, for high temperature applications, such air conditioning.     

激光辅助化学气相沉积研究进展

激光化学气相沉积技术(LCVD)相较于传统化学气相沉积技术具有低沉积温度、高膜层纯度、高沉积效率等特点,在各类功能薄膜材料制备上有着巨大的应用前景.围绕激光化学气相沉积技术,本文详细阐述了激光热解离、激光光解离与激光共振激发解离作用机制,同时介绍了各类LCVD的常用设备,着重总结了LCVD在金属材料、碳基材料、氧化物材...     

铺粉厚度对选区激光熔化316L沉积层致密度与表面形貌的影响

目的 为了解决选区激光熔化增材再制造时出现的首层铺粉粉层厚度不均的问题,研究首层粉层厚度为400μm时选区激光熔化成形工艺。方法 采用倾斜基板预置楔形粉层,在粉层上进行不同激光功率的激光扫描实验,研究楔形粉层对沉积的影响规律。然后在水平放置的基板上分别预置50、100、200、300、400μm厚度粉层,在粉层上进行激光扫描实验,研究粉层厚度对沉积的影响规律。最后做首层400μm层厚,后续5层每层50μm的多层沉积实验,研究厚粉层对后续SLM成形的影响规律。结果 在倾斜上表面采用选区激光熔化技术进行修复,铺粉厚度的增加会导致沉积层致密度变差且表面起伏增大。通过提高激光能量密度的方式,采用300 W、800 mm/s的工艺参数在400μm大层厚下激光扫描,可改善沉积层与基板的结合情况并减小沉积层上表面的起伏轮廓,同时该参数也能在小层厚时得到致密的沉积层。在首层400μm层厚的基础上进行SLM成形时,需用首层沉积的工艺沉积5层作为过渡区,后续可按正常的SLM成形工艺进行沉积。结论 用SLM技术进行零件修复时,虽然首层会出现厚度不均的楔形粉层。当粉层最厚区域不超过400μm时,需提高激光功率...     

First-principles quantum molecular dynamics study of TixZr1−xN(111)/SiNy heterostructures and comparison with experimental results

The heterostructures of five monolayers B1–Ti_xZr_1−xN(111), x = 1.0, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.0 (where B1 is a NaCl-type structure) with one monolayer of a Si₃N₄-like Si₂N₃ interfacial layer were investigated by means of first-principles quantum molecular dynamics and a structure optimization procedure using the Quantum ESPRESSO code. Slabs consisting of stoichiometric TiN and ZrN and random, as well as segregated, B1–Ti_xZr_1−xN(111) solutions were considered. The calculations of the B1–Ti_xZr_1−xN solid solutions, as well as of the heterostructures, showed that the pseudo-binary TiN–ZrN system exhibits a miscibility gap. The segregated heterostructures in which Zr atoms surround the Si_yN_z interface were found to be the most stable. For the Zr-rich heterostructures, the total energy of the random solid solution was lower compared to that of the segregated one, whereas for the Ti-rich heterostructures the opposite tendency was observed. Hard and super hard Zr–Ti–Si–N coatings with thicknesses from 2.8 to 3.5 μm were obtained using a vacuum arc source with high frequency stimulation. The samples were annealed in a vacuum and in air at 1200 °C. Experimental investigations of Zr–Ti–N, Zr–Ti–Si–N and Ti–Si–N coatings with different Zr, Ti and Si concentrations were carried out for comparison with results obtained from Ti_xZr_1−xN(111)/SiN_y systems. During annealing, the hardness of the best series samples was increased from (39.6 ± 1.4) to 53.6 GPa, which seemed to indicate that a spinodal segregation along grain interfaces was finished. A maximum hardness of 40.8 GPa before and 55 GPa after annealing in air at 500 °C was observed for coatings with a concentration of elements of Si≽ (7–8) at.%, Ti ≽ 22 at.% and Zr ⩽ 70 at.%.     

Theoretical study and design of a low-grade heat-driven pilot ejector refrigeration machine operating with butane and isobutane and intended for cooling of gas transported in a gas-main pipeline

This paper describes the construction and performance of a novel combined system intended for natural gas transportation and power production, and for cooling of gas transported in a gas-main pipeline. The proposed system includes a gas turbine compressor, a combined electrogenerating plant and an ejector refrigeration unit operating with a hydrocarbon refrigerant. The combined electrogenerating plant consists of a high-temperature steam–power cycle and a low-temperature hydrocarbon vapor power cycle, which together comprise a binary vapor system. The combined system is designed for the highest possible effectiveness of power generation and could find wide application in gas-transmission systems of gas-main pipelines. Application of the proposed system would enable year-round power generation and provide cooling of natural gas during periods of high ambient temperature operation. This paper presents the main results of a theoretical study and design performance specifications of a low-grade heat-driven pilot ejector refrigeration machine operating with butane and isobutane.     

Calibrating the electron-optical model of the VEPP-5 damping ring

An experimental technique for investigating the linear optics of the storage ring by measuring the beam response to weak disturbances of the deflecting and focusing field is described. The electron-optical model of the damping ring of the VEPP-5 injection complex has been calibrated by measuring the closed orbit distortions and the betatron tune response to field variations of the dipole, quadrupole, and sextupole steering magnets. An analytical expression has been derived for each measured response, which has made it possible to solve the problem of calibrating the damping ring model by means of a standard accelerator optics design program. The model obtained has been verified by measuring the horizontal beta function and the betatron phase advances between the beam position monitors using the model-independent technique.     

Stable colloidal dispersions of C60 fullerenes in water: evidence for genotoxicity

Stable aqueous suspensions of colloidal C60 fullerenes free of toxic organic solvents were prepared by two methods: ethanol to water solvent exchange (EthOH/nC60 suspensions) and extended mixing in water (aqu/nC60 suspensions). The extended mixing method resulted in the formation of larger (dp approximately 178 nm) and less negatively charged (zeta approximately -13.5 mV) nC60 colloids than nC60 prepared by ethanol to water solvent exchange (dp approximately 122 nm, zeta approximately -31.6 mV). Genotoxicity of these suspensions was evaluated with respect to human lymphocytes using single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay). The assay demonstrated genotoxicity for both types of suspensions with a strong correlation between the genotoxic response and nC60 concentration, and with genotoxicity observed at concentrations as low as 2.2 microg/L for aqu/nC60 and 4.2 microg/L for EtOH/nC60. The Olive tail moments (OTM) for these two concentrations were 1.54 +/- 0.24 and 1.34 +/- 0.07, respectively, which in comparison to the negative control OTM of 0.98 +/- 0.17 is statistically different with a p value of at least 0.05. Aqu/nC60 suspensions elicited higher genotoxic response than EthOH/nC60 for the same nC60 concentration. The results represent the first genotoxicity data for colloidal fullerenes produced by simple mixing in water.     

Nanocomposite hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes: Fabrication,characterization, and pilot-scale evaluation for surface water treatment

Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes were fabricated by interfacial polymerization of a polyamide (PA) layer on the shell side of hollow fiber membrane supports. TiO₂ nanoparticle loadings in the thin-film layer were 0.01, 0.05, and 0.20 wt %. Nanoparticle-free PA thin-film composite (TFC) membranes served as the comparative basis. The TFN membranes were characterized in terms of the chemical composition, structure, and surface properties of the separation layer. Incorporating nanoTiO₂ improved membrane permeability up to 12.6-fold. During preliminary laboratory-scale evaluation, TFN membranes showed lower salt rejection but higher TOC rejection in comparisons with the corresponding values for TFC controls. Based on the performance in lab-scale tests, TFN membranes with 0.01 wt % nanoTiO₂ loading were selected for an evaluation at the pilot scale with synthetic surface water as the feed. While the permeate flux during long-term pilot-scale operation gradually decreased for TFC membranes, TFN membranes had a higher initial permeate flux that gradually increased with time. The TOC rejection by TFN and TFC membranes was comparable. We conclude that TFN membranes show promise for full-scale surface water treatment applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48205.     

Electron properties of n- and p-CuInSe2

Using two-temperature synthesis method with the further directed crystallization under the radial and slight horizontal temperature gradients, facilitating the convection and mixing of the melt, the authors obtained monocrystals of n- and p-CuInSe₂ with controlled deviation from the stoichiometry using the excess In and Se. We have carried out the measurements of the conductivity and Hall coefficient in the temperature interval 70–415 K and investigated Hall mobility as the function of temperature, determining the dominating carrier scattering mechanisms. It was found that the electrical properties of n- and p-CuInSe₂ are caused by the defects of various types depending on the growth conditions and stoichiometry deviations. The energy position of the impurity levels was identified to be 0.055 ± 0.003 eV and 0.022 ± 0.003 eV above the valence band for acceptor levels and 0.010 ± 0.002 eV below the conduction band for the donor level.     

Donor:Acceptor Janus Nanoparticle-Based Films as Photoactive Layers: Control of Assembly and Impact on Performance of Devices

Water-processable organic semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) are considered promising materials for the next-generation of optoelectronic applications due to their controlled size, internal structure, and environmentally friendly processing. Reasonably, the controllable assembly of donor:acceptor (D:A) NPs on large areas, quality, and packing density of deposited films, as well as layer morphology, will influence the effectiveness of charge transfer at an interface and the final performance of designed optoelectronic devices.This work represents an easy and effective approach for designing self-assembled monolayers of D:A NPs. In this self-assembly procedure, the NP arrays are prepared on a large scale (2 × 2 cm²) at the air/water interface with controlled packing density and morphology. Due to the unique structure of individual D:A Janus particles and their assembled arrays, the Janus nanoparticle (JNP)-based device exhibits an 80% improvement of electron mobility and more balanced charge extraction compared to the conventional core–shell NP-based device. An outstanding performance of polymer solar cells with over 5% efficiency is achieved after post-annealing treatment of assembled arrays, representing one of the best results for NP-based organic photovoltaics. Ultimately, this work provides a new protocol for processing water-processable organic semiconductor colloids and future optoelectronic fabrication.